Netherlands residence and citizenship

Dutch-American Friendship Treaty business residence

Only for US citizens.

US national operating a qualifying Dutch business. For most business forms, EUR 4,500 capital × 1.1193 = USD 5,036.85; other forms may require different substantial capital, so this is a stated common-form floor, not a universal one. EUR 423 application × 1.1193 = USD 473.46. The 90-day IND decision period maps to three months and may be extended. Five years' qualifying residence can lead to PR and naturalisation.

Sources: Self-employed residence and treaty routes (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Dutch-American and Dutch-Japanese treaty eligibility (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

Dutch-Japanese Trade Treaty business residence

Japanese national operating a qualifying Dutch business. For most forms, EUR 4,500 capital × 1.1193 = USD 5,036.85; other forms differ. EUR 423 filing × 1.1193 = USD 473.46. The 90-day decision period maps to three months and may be extended. Qualifying residence can lead to PR and naturalisation after five years.

Sources: Self-employed residence and treaty routes (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Dutch-American and Dutch-Japanese treaty eligibility (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

Permanent residence after five years

Applicant with five consecutive qualifying permit years, current non-temporary purpose and other integration/income conditions. EUR 254 × 1.1193 = USD 284.30. IND decision within six months maps to maximum six months; incomplete applications can extend it. The five-year citizenship period is total qualifying residence, not five years after this permit.

Sources: Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

Self-employed residence

Foreign entrepreneur or freelancer with work of essential Dutch economic interest, business registration and income; no universal capital floor is stated. EUR 423 × 1.1193 = USD 473.46. The 90-day decision period maps to three months, though IND can extend it, particularly for RVO advice. Qualifying non-temporary residence may lead to PR and naturalisation after five years. The cited summary confirms this is not a dedicated digital-nomad visa.

Sources: Self-employed residence and treaty routes (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank), Digital-nomad comparison (Global Citizen Solutions, summary)

Start-up founder residence

Foreign founder of an innovative Dutch company working with an approved facilitator. No universal investment floor is stated. EUR 423 × 1.1193 = USD 473.46; 90 days maps to three months, subject to extensions. This permit lasts one year and requires transition to self-employed or another qualifying non-temporary purpose to continue toward PR and citizenship; no automatic five-year clock is asserted for start-up status alone.

Sources: Start-up residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

Highly skilled migrant

Foreign employee contracted to a recognised Dutch sponsor and meeting the relevant salary rule. Salary is not an investment. EUR 423 × 1.1193 = USD 473.46. IND's 90-day period maps to maximum three months, subject to extensions. Qualifying stay can lead to PR and citizenship after five years; eligibility follows sponsorship, not nationality.

Sources: Highly skilled migrant (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

Single Permit for ordinary paid employment

Foreign employee in an ordinary paid role requiring the combined work and residence permit, subject to employer and labour-market conditions. No investment floor. EUR 423 × 1.1193 = USD 473.46; the 90-day decision period maps to maximum three months, subject to extensions. Qualifying non-temporary residence can lead to PR and citizenship after five years; eligibility follows the employment conditions, not nationality.

Sources: Single Permit for ordinary paid employment (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

European Blue Card

Not for EU citizens, EEA citizens, Swiss citizens.

Highly qualified non-EU/EEA/Swiss employee meeting contract, skills and income conditions. EUR 423 × 1.1193 = USD 473.46. No investment floor. PR can sometimes be reached through qualifying EU Blue Card mobility before five Dutch years; ordinary naturalisation still needs five qualifying Dutch years.

Sources: European Blue Card (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

Partner family residence

Qualifying foreign partner of a Dutch citizen or eligible resident sponsor; relationship, sponsor income and residence-purpose conditions apply, rather than a passport list. EUR 254 × 1.1193 = USD 284.30; 90 days maps to maximum three months, excluding IND extensions. No investment floor. Some partner naturalisation exceptions shorten the clock, so no one route-specific citizenship year is asserted.

Sources: Partner residence permit (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Permanent residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

Non-EU family member of a Union citizen

Not for EU citizens, EEA citizens, Swiss citizens.

Qualifying non-EU/EEA/Swiss family member of an EU/EEA/Swiss citizen exercising free movement. EUR 85 × 1.1193 = USD 95.14 for adult EU-law verification; six-month IND decision period maps to maximum six months, subject to extensions. No investment floor. Qualifying EU-law residence can support permanent status and naturalisation after five years; eligibility follows family relationship, and EU/EEA/Swiss nationals use their own free-movement right.

Sources: Union citizen family residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), EU/EEA/Swiss residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), ECB euro rate 9 November 2026 (European Central Bank)

EU/EEA/Swiss free movement

Only for EU citizens, EEA citizens, Swiss citizens.

Permanent residence right normally arises after five qualifying years. Naturalisation may be sought after five years with integration, subject to nationality-renunciation rules. Eligibility is the cited nationality class.

Sources: EU/EEA/Swiss residence (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service), Naturalisation (Dutch Immigration and Naturalisation Service)